Pytorch实现全连接层的操作

全连接神经网络（FC）

全连接神经网络是一种最基本的神经网络结构，英文为Full Connection，所以一般简称FC。

FC的准则很简单：神经网络中除输入层之外的每个节点都和上一层的所有节点有连接。

以上一次的MNIST为例

import torch
import torch.utils.data
from torch import optim
from torchvision import datasets
from torchvision.transforms import transforms
import torch.nn.functional as F
batch_size = 200
learning_rate = 0.001
epochs = 20
train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('mnistdata', train=True, download=False,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('mnistdata', train=False, download=False,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
w1, b1 = torch.randn(200, 784, requires_grad=True), torch.zeros(200, requires_grad=True)
w2, b2 = torch.randn(200, 200, requires_grad=True), torch.zeros(200, requires_grad=True)
w3, b3 = torch.randn(10, 200, requires_grad=True), torch.zeros(10, requires_grad=True)
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w1)
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w2)
torch.nn.init.kaiming_normal_(w3)
def forward(x):
    x = x@w1.t() + b1
    x = F.relu(x)
    x = x@w2.t() + b2
    x = F.relu(x)
    x = x@w3.t() + b3
    x = F.relu(x)
    return x
optimizer = optim.Adam([w1, b1, w2, b2, w3, b3], lr=learning_rate)
criteon = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
for epoch in range(epochs):
    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data = data.view(-1, 28*28)
        logits = forward(data)
        loss = criteon(logits, target)
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch : {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                epoch, batch_idx*len(data), len(train_loader.dataset),
                100.*batch_idx/len(train_loader), loss.item()
            ))
    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in test_loader:
        data = data.view(-1, 28*28)
        logits = forward(data)
        test_loss += criteon(logits, target).item()
        pred = logits.data.max(1)[1]
        correct += pred.eq(target.data).sum()
    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)
    print('\nTest set : Averge loss: {:.4f}, Accurancy: {}/{}({:.3f}%)'.format(
        test_loss, correct, len(test_loader.dataset),
        100.*correct/len(test_loader.dataset)
        ))

我们将每个w和b都进行了定义，并且自己写了一个forward函数。如果我们采用了全连接层，那么整个代码也会更加简介明了。

首先，我们定义自己的网络结构的类：

class MLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MLP, self).__init__()
        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(784, 200),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 200),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 10),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True)
        )
    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.model(x)
        return x

它继承于nn.Moudle，并且自己定义里整个网络结构。

其中inplace的作用是直接复用存储空间，减少新开辟存储空间。

除此之外，它可以直接进行运算，不需要手动定义参数和写出运算语句，更加简便。

同时我们还可以发现，它自动完成了初试化，不需要像之前一样再手动写一个初始化了。

区分nn.Relu和F.relu()

前者是一个类的接口，后者是一个函数式接口。

前者都是大写的，并且调用的的时候需要先实例化才能使用，而后者是小写的可以直接使用。

最重要的是后者的自由度更高，更适合做一些自己定义的操作。

完整代码

import torch
import torch.utils.data
from torch import optim, nn
from torchvision import datasets
from torchvision.transforms import transforms
import torch.nn.functional as F
batch_size = 200
learning_rate = 0.001
epochs = 20
train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('mnistdata', train=True, download=False,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
    datasets.MNIST('mnistdata', train=False, download=False,
                   transform=transforms.Compose([
                       transforms.ToTensor(),
                       transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))
                   ])),
    batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)
class MLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MLP, self).__init__()
        self.model = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(784, 200),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 200),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(200, 10),
            nn.LeakyReLU(inplace=True)
        )
    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.model(x)
        return x
device = torch.device('cuda:0')
net = MLP().to(device)
optimizer = optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)
criteon = nn.CrossEntropyLoss().to(device)
for epoch in range(epochs):
    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data = data.view(-1, 28*28)
        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
        logits = net(data)
        loss = criteon(logits, target)
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch : {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                epoch, batch_idx*len(data), len(train_loader.dataset),
                100.*batch_idx/len(train_loader), loss.item()
            ))
    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in test_loader:
        data = data.view(-1, 28*28)
        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)
        logits = net(data)
        test_loss += criteon(logits, target).item()
        pred = logits.data.max(1)[1]
        correct += pred.eq(target.data).sum()
    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)
    print('\nTest set : Averge loss: {:.4f}, Accurancy: {}/{}({:.3f}%)'.format(
        test_loss, correct, len(test_loader.dataset),
        100.*correct/len(test_loader.dataset)
        ))

补充：pytorch 实现一个隐层的全连接神经网络

torch.nn 实现模型的定义，网络层的定义，损失函数的定义。

import torch
# N is batch size; D_in is input dimension;
# H is hidden dimension; D_out is output dimension.
N, D_in, H, D_out = 64, 1000, 100, 10
# Create random Tensors to hold inputs and outputs
x = torch.randn(N, D_in)
y = torch.randn(N, D_out)
# Use the nn package to define our model as a sequence of layers. nn.Sequential
# is a Module which contains other Modules, and applies them in sequence to
# produce its output. Each Linear Module computes output from input using a
# linear function, and holds internal Tensors for its weight and bias.
model = torch.nn.Sequential(
    torch.nn.Linear(D_in, H),
    torch.nn.ReLU(),
    torch.nn.Linear(H, D_out),
)
# The nn package also contains definitions of popular loss functions; in this
# case we will use Mean Squared Error (MSE) as our loss function.
loss_fn = torch.nn.MSELoss(reduction='sum')
learning_rate = 1e-4
for t in range(500):
    # Forward pass: compute predicted y by passing x to the model. Module objects
    # override the __call__ operator so you can call them like functions. When
    # doing so you pass a Tensor of input data to the Module and it produces
    # a Tensor of output data.
    y_pred = model(x)
    # Compute and print loss. We pass Tensors containing the predicted and true
    # values of y, and the loss function returns a Tensor containing the
    # loss.
    loss = loss_fn(y_pred, y)
    print(t, loss.item())
    # Zero the gradients before running the backward pass.
    model.zero_grad()
    # Backward pass: compute gradient of the loss with respect to all the learnable
    # parameters of the model. Internally, the parameters of each Module are stored
    # in Tensors with requires_grad=True, so this call will compute gradients for
    # all learnable parameters in the model.
    loss.backward()
    # Update the weights using gradient descent. Each parameter is a Tensor, so
    # we can access its gradients like we did before.
    with torch.no_grad():
        for param in model.parameters():
            param -= learning_rate * param.grad

上面，我们使用parem= -= learning_rate* param.grad 手动更新参数。

使用torch.optim 自动优化参数。optim这个package提供了各种不同的模型优化方法，包括SGD+momentum, RMSProp, Adam等等。

optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)
for t in range(500):
    y_pred = model(x)
    loss = loss_fn(y_pred, y)
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持自学编程网。如有错误或未考虑完全的地方，望不吝赐教。

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