C/C++ 工程提供 Python 接口,有利于融合进 Python 的生态。现在 Python 在应用层,有其得天独厚的优势。尤其因为人工智能和大数据的推波助澜, Python 现在以及未来,将长期是最流行的语言之一。
那 C/C++ 怎么提供 Python 接口呢?
- ctypes: C 与 Python 绑定, Python 内建模块
- Boost.Python: C++ 与 Python 绑定, Boost 模块
- pybind11: C++11 与 Python 绑定, 减去了旧 C++ 支持,更轻量化
本文将介绍 pybind11 的环境准备与入门使用。
pybind11: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11
环境准备
pybind11 是一个 header-only
的库,换句话说,只需要 C++ 项目里直接 include pybind11 的头文件就能使用。
这里则介绍如何于 CMake 里引入 pybind11 。而更多编译系统的介绍,可见官方文档 Build systems 。
获取 pybind11
可以 git submodule
添加子模块,最好固定为某个版本:
git submodule add https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git third_party/pybind11-2.5.0 cd third_party/pybind11-2.5.0/ git checkout tags/v2.5.0
或者,直接获取源码,放进相应子目录即可。
添加进 CMake
CMakeLists.txt
里 add_subdirectory
pybind11 的路径,再用其提供的 pybind11_add_module
就能创建 pybind11 的模块了。
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1) project(start-pybind11 VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES C CXX) set(MY_PYBIND ${MY_CURR}/third_party/pybind11-2.5.0) add_subdirectory(${MY_PYBIND}) pybind11_add_module(example_pb example_pb.cpp)
如果想在已有 C++ 动态库上扩展 pybind11 绑定,那么 target_link_libraries
链接该动态库就可以了。
target_link_libraries(example_pb PUBLIC example)
绑定一个函数
我们先实现一个 add
函数,
int add(int i, int j) { return i + j; }
为了简化工程,可以直接实现在 example_pb.cpp
里,
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h> namespace py = pybind11; int add(int i, int j) { return i + j; } PYBIND11_MODULE(example_pb, m) { m.doc() = "example_pb bindings"; m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers"); }
之后,于 CMakeLists.txt
所在目录,执行 cmake
编译就完成了。
示例代码
绑定一个类
我们先实现一个定时触发器的类。使用如下:
#include <iostream> #include "tick.h" int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) { (void)argc; (void)argv; Tick tick(500, 5000); tick.SetTickEvent([&tick](std::int64_t elapsed_ms) { std::cout << "elapsed: " << elapsed_ms << " ms" << std::endl; if (elapsed_ms >= 2000) { tick.Stop(); } }); tick.Start(); tick.WaitLifeOver(); return 0; }
运行结果:
$ ./_output/bin/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
elapsed: 1500 ms
elapsed: 2000 ms
该类的声明如下:
using TickEvent = std::function<void(std::int64_t elapsed_ms)>; using TickRunCallback = std::function<void()>; class Tick { public: using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock; Tick(std::int64_t tick_ms, std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max()); Tick(TickEvent tick_event, std::int64_t tick_ms, std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(), TickRunCallback run_beg = nullptr, TickRunCallback run_end = nullptr); virtual ~Tick(); bool IsRunning() const; void Start(); void Stop(bool wait_life_over = false); const std::chrono::time_point<clock> &GetTimeStart() const; void SetTickEvent(TickEvent &&tick_event); void SetTickEvent(const TickEvent &tick_event); void SetRunBegCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_beg); void SetRunBegCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_beg); void SetRunEndCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_end); void SetRunEndCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_end); void WaitLifeOver(); protected: // ... };
然后, pybind11 绑定实现如下:
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h> #include <pybind11/chrono.h> #include <pybind11/functional.h> #include <memory> #include "cpp/cpp_thread_callback/tick.h" namespace py = pybind11; using namespace pybind11::literals; // NOLINT PYBIND11_MODULE(tick_pb, m) { m.doc() = "tick_pb bindings"; py::class_<Tick, std::shared_ptr<Tick>>(m, "Tick") .def(py::init<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>()) .def(py::init<TickEvent, std::int64_t, std::int64_t, TickRunCallback, TickRunCallback>()) .def_property_readonly("is_running", &Tick::IsRunning) .def("start", &Tick::Start) .def("stop", &Tick::Stop, "wait_life_over"_a = false) .def("get_time_start", &Tick::GetTimeStart) .def("set_tick_event", [](Tick &self, const TickEvent &tick_event) { self.SetTickEvent(tick_event); }) .def("set_run_beg_callback", [](Tick &self, const TickRunCallback &run_beg) { self.SetRunBegCallback(run_beg); }) .def("set_run_end_callback", [](Tick &self, const TickRunCallback &run_end) { self.SetRunEndCallback(run_end); }) .def("wait_life_over", &Tick::WaitLifeOver, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>()); }
编译出动态库后,把路径添加进 PYTHONPATH
:
export PYTHONPATH=<path>:$PYTHONPATH # 依赖其他动态库的话,把路径添加进 LIBRARY_PATH # Linux export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH # macOS export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
之后,就可以于 Python 里调用了:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # pylint: disable=missing-docstring, import-error import tick_pb as tick def _main(): t = tick.Tick(lambda elapsed_ms: print(f"elapsed: {elapsed_ms} ms"), 500, 1000, lambda: print("run beg"), lambda: print("run end")) t.start() t.wait_life_over() if __name__ == "__main__": _main()
运行结果:
$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py
run beg
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
run end
示例代码
运行示例代码
获取代码,
git clone https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-pybind11.git # 获取子模块 cd start-pybind11/ git submodule update --init
编译安装,
# 依赖 cmake cd start-pybind11/ make install
编译结果,
$ tree _install _install ├── bin │ └── cpp_thread_callback │ └── tick_test └── lib ├── cpp_thread_callback │ ├── libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.0.1.dylib -> libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.dylib -> libtick.0.1.dylib │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ └── tick_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so └── first_steps ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib └── libfirst_steps.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib 5 directories, 13 files
添加路径,
$ source setup.bash first_steps cpp_thread_callback DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, PYTHONPATH + /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/first_steps + /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/cpp_thread_callback
运行示例,
$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py run beg elapsed: 0 ms elapsed: 500 ms elapsed: 1000 ms run end
结语
Go coding!
总结
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