首先创建scrapy项目
命令:scrapy startproject douban_read
创建spider
命令:scrapy genspider douban_spider url
网址:https://read.douban.com/charts
关键注释代码中有,若有不足,请多指教
scrapy项目目录结构如下
douban_spider.py文件代码
爬虫文件
import scrapy import re, json from ..items import DoubanReadItem class DoubanSpiderSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'douban_spider' # allowed_domains = ['www'] start_urls = ['https://read.douban.com/charts'] def parse(self, response): # print(response.text) # 获取图书分类的url type_urls = response.xpath('//div[@class="rankings-nav"]/a[position()>1]/@href').extract() # print(type_urls) for type_url in type_urls: # /charts?type=unfinished_column&index=featured&dcs=charts&dcm=charts-nav part_param = re.search(r'charts\?(.*?)&dcs', type_url).group(1) # https://read.douban.com/j/index//charts?type=intermediate_finalized&index=science_fiction&verbose=1 ajax_url = 'https://read.douban.com/j/index//charts?{}&verbose=1'.format(part_param) yield scrapy.Request(ajax_url, callback=self.parse_ajax, encoding='utf-8', meta={'request_type': 'ajax'}) def parse_ajax(self, response): # print(response.text) # 获取分类中图书的json数据 json_data = json.loads(response.text) for data in json_data['list']: item = DoubanReadItem() item['book_id'] = data['works']['id'] item['book_url'] = data['works']['url'] item['book_title'] = data['works']['title'] item['book_author'] = data['works']['author'] item['book_cover_image'] = data['works']['cover'] item['book_abstract'] = data['works']['abstract'] item['book_wordCount'] = data['works']['wordCount'] item['book_kinds'] = data['works']['kinds'] # 把item yield给Itempipeline yield item
item.py文件代码
项目的目标文件
# Define here the models for your scraped items # # See documentation in: # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy class DoubanReadItem(scrapy.Item): # define the fields for your item here like: book_id = scrapy.Field() book_url = scrapy.Field() book_title = scrapy.Field() book_author = scrapy.Field() book_cover_image = scrapy.Field() book_abstract = scrapy.Field() book_wordCount = scrapy.Field() book_kinds = scrapy.Field()
my_download_middle.py文件代码
所有request都会经过下载中间件,可以通过定制中间件,来完成设置代理,动态设置请求头,自定义下载等操作
import random import time from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse class MymiddleWares(object): def __init__(self): # 请求头列表 self.USER_AGENT_LIST = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; 360SE)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24" ] def process_request(self, request, spider): ''' 下载中间件处理requests的方法 :param request:马上要被下载器下载request :param spider: :return: ''' # 在spider中设置了meta的request_type的值为ajax meta参数会贯穿整个scrapy request_type = request.meta.get('request_type') # 如果不是ajax请求就需要通过selenium来自定义下载request if not request_type: print('in middler') # 1、创建driver driver = webdriver.Chrome() # 2、请求url driver.get(request.url) # 3、等待 # driver.implicitly_wait(20) time.sleep(3) # 4、获取页面内容 html_str = driver.page_source # 直接返回HtmlResponse给spider解析 下载器就不会下载这个request 达到自定义下载的目的 return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=html_str, request=request, encoding='utf-8') else: # 如果是ajax请求就需要通过scrapy下载器来下载request # ajax请求直接返回json数据不适合上面的selenium下载 ua = random.choice(self.USER_AGENT_LIST) # 设置请求头 if ua: request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', ua) request.headers.setdefault('X-Requested-With', 'XMLHttpRequest')
pipeline.py文件代码
项目的管道文件
import pymongo from itemadapter import ItemAdapter class MongoPipeline: # 存储集合名字 collection_name = 'book' def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db): self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri self.mongo_db = mongo_db @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): return cls( mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_URI'), mongo_db=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_DATABASE', 'items') ) def open_spider(self, spider): ''' 当spider启动的时候调用 :param spider: :return: ''' self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri) self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db] def close_spider(self, spider): self.client.close() # 保存到mongo的douban_read数据库下的book集合中 def process_item(self, item, spider): self.db[self.collection_name].update({'book_id': item['book_id']}, {'$set': dict(item)}, True) # True:有则修改 无则新增 print(item) return item
settings.py文件代码
配置信息
# Scrapy settings for douban_read project # # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation: # # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html BOT_NAME = 'douban_read' SPIDER_MODULES = ['douban_read.spiders'] NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douban_read.spiders' # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent #USER_AGENT = 'douban_read (+http://www.yourdomain.com)' # Obey robots.txt rules # robot协议 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0) # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay # See also autothrottle settings and docs #DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3 # The download delay setting will honor only one of: #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 # Disable cookies (enabled by default) #COOKIES_ENABLED = False # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default) #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False # Override the default request headers: # 默认请求头 DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = { 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Language': 'en', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/85.0.4183.102 Safari/537.36', } # Enable or disable spider middlewares # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'douban_read.middlewares.DoubanReadSpiderMiddleware': 543, #} # Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # 配置下载器中间件 DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'douban_read.my_download_middle.MymiddleWares': 543, } # Enable or disable extensions # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html #EXTENSIONS = { # 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None, #} # Configure item pipelines # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html # 配置ITEM_PIPELINES ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'douban_read.pipelines.MongoPipeline': 300, } # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default) # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True # The initial download delay #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to # each remote server #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received: #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default) # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage' # 配置mongo MONGO_URI = 'localhost' # 创建数据库:douban_read MONGO_DATABASE = 'douban_read'
最后启动该项目即可
scrapy crawl douban_spider
数据就保存到mongo数据库了
总结
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