如何用python写个模板引擎

渲染前的文本:
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<p>十以内的奇数:</p>
<ul>
{% for i in range(10) %}
  {% if i%2==1 %}
    <li>{{i}}</li>
  {% end %}
{% end %}
</ul>


渲染后的文本,假设title="高等数学":
<h1>高等数学</h1>
<p>十以内的奇数:</p>
<ul>
<li>1</li>
<li>3</li>
<li>5</li>
<li>7</li>
<li>9</li>
</ul>

re.split(r'(?s)({{.*?}}|{%.*?%}|{#.*?#})', html)

exec('print("hello world")') # 这条语句会输出hello world

global_namespace = {}
code = """
a = 1

def func():
  pass
"""
exec(code, global_namespace)
print(global_namespace) # {'a': 1, 'func': <function func at 0x00007fc61e3462a0>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>}

# 这个函数不是我们写的, 是待渲染的html字符串转化过来的
def render(context: dict) -> str:
  result = []
  # 这一部分负责提取所有动态变量的值
  title = context['title']
  # 对于所有的html代码或者是变量, 直接放入result列表中
  result.extend(['<h1>', str(title), '</h1>\n<p>十以内的奇数:</p>\n<ul>\n'])
  # 对于模板中的for和if循环语句,则是转化为原生的python语句
  for i in range(10):
    if i % 2 == 1:
      result.extend(['\n    <li>', str(i), '</li>\n  '])
  result.append('\n</ul>')
  # 最后,让函数将result列表联结为字符串返回就行, 这样就得到了渲染好的html文本
  return ''.join(result)

class CodeBuilder:
  INDENT_STEP = 4

  def __init__(self, indent_level: int = 0) -> None:
    self.indent_level = indent_level
    self.code = []
    self.global_namespace = None

  def start_func(self) -> None:
    self.add_line('def render(context: dict) -> str:')
    self.indent()
    self.add_line('result = []')
    self.add_line('append_result = result.append')
    self.add_line('extend_result = result.extend')
    self.add_line('to_str = str')

  def end_func(self) -> None:
    self.add_line("return ''.join(result)")
    self.dedent()

  def add_section(self) -> 'CodeBuilder':
    section = CodeBuilder(self.indent_level)
    self.code.append(section)
    return section

  def __str__(self) -> str:
    return ''.join(str(line) for line in self.code)

  def add_line(self, line: str) -> None:
    self.code.extend([' ' * self.indent_level + line + '\n'])

  def indent(self) -> None:
    self.indent_level += self.INDENT_STEP

  def dedent(self) -> None:
    self.indent_level -= self.INDENT_STEP

  def get_globals(self) -> dict:
    if self.global_namespace is None:
      self.global_namespace = {}
      python_source = str(self)
      exec(python_source, self.global_namespace)
    return self.global_namespace

append_result = result.append
extend_result = result.extend
to_str = str

class Template:
  html_regex = re.compile(r'(?s)({{.*?}}|{%.*?%}|{#.*?#})')
  valid_name_regex = re.compile(r'[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*$')

  def __init__(self, html: str, context: dict = None) -> None:
    self.context = context or {}
    self.code = CodeBuilder()
    self.all_vars = set()
    self.loop_vars = set()
    self.code.start_func()
    vars_code = self.code.add_section()
    buffered = []

    def flush_output() -> None:

      if len(buffered) == 1:
        self.code.add_line(f'append_result({buffered[0]})')
      elif len(buffered) > 1:
        self.code.add_line(f'extend_result([{", ".join(buffered)}])')
      del buffered[:]

    strings = re.split(self.html_regex, html)
    for string in strings:
      if string.startswith('{%'):
        flush_output()
        words = string[2:-2].strip().split()
        ops = words[0]
        if ops == 'if':
          if len(words) != 2:
            self._syntax_error("Don't understand if", string)
          self.code.add_line(f'if {words[1]}:')
          self.code.indent()
        elif ops == 'for':
          if len(words) != 4 or words[2] != 'in':
            self._syntax_error("Don't understand for", string)
          i = words[1]
          iter_obj = words[3]
          # 这里被迭代的对象可以是一个变量,也可以是列表,元组或者range之类的东西,因此使用_variable来检验
          try:
            self._variable(iter_obj, self.all_vars)
          except TemplateSyntaxError:
            pass
          self._variable(i, self.loop_vars)
          self.code.add_line(f'for {i} in {iter_obj}:')
          self.code.indent()
        elif ops == 'end':
          if len(words) != 1:
            self._syntax_error("Don't understand end", string)
          self.code.dedent()
        else:
          self._syntax_error("Don't understand tag", ops)
      elif string.startswith('{{'):
        expr = string[2:-2].strip()
        self._variable(expr, self.all_vars)
        buffered.append(f'to_str({expr})')
      else:
        if string.strip():
          # 这里使用repr把换行符什么的改成/n的形式,不然插到code字符串中会打乱排版
          buffered.append(repr(string))
    flush_output()
    for var_name in self.all_vars - self.loop_vars:
      vars_code.add_line(f'{var_name} = context["{var_name}"]')
    self.code.end_func()

  def _variable(self, name: str, vars_set: set) -> None:
    # 当解析html过程中出现变量,就调用这个函数
    # 一方面检验变量名是否合法,一方面记下变量名
    if not re.match(self.valid_name_regex, name):
      self._syntax_error('Not a valid name', name)
    vars_set.add(name)

  def _syntax_error(self, message: str, thing: str) -> None:
    raise TemplateSyntaxError(f'{message}: {thing}') # 这个Error类直接继承Exception就行

  def render(self, context=None) -> str:
    render_context = dict(self.context)
    if context:
      render_context.update(context)
    return self.code.get_globals()['render'](render_context)

t = Template(html)
result = t.render({'title': '高等数学'})