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2021
09-29

教你用python实现12306余票查询

python实现12306余票查询

我们说先在浏览器中打开开发者工具(F12),尝试一次余票的查询,通过开发者工具查看发出请求的包

余票查询界面

可以看到红框框中的URL就是我们向12306服务器发出的请求,那么具体是什么呢?我们来看看

[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT)

可以看到发出请求的几个字段:

leftTicketDTO.train_date:查询的日期
leftTicketDTO.from_station:查询的出发地
leftTicketDTO.to_station:查询的目的地
purpose_codes:不太清楚这个字段是用来做什么的,就默认吧

可以从我们递交的URL请求看出,我们输入的成都,深圳都变成了对应的编号,比如,成都(CDW)、深圳(SZQ),所以当我们程序进行输入的时候要进行一下处理,12306的一个地方存储着这些城市名与编码对应的文档:

[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971)

站点编码对应

下面我们就编写一个小程序,将这些城市名与编号提取出来:

    import re,requests
    url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
    response = requests.get(url,verify=False)
    #将车站的名字和编码进行提取
    chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)
    chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)
    #进行交换
    chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
    #打印出得到的车站字典
    print(chezhan_names)

得到的打印结果如下(只截取部分显示):

{‘VAP': ‘北京北', ‘BOP': ‘北京东', ‘BJP': ‘北京', ‘VNP': ‘北京南', ‘BXP': ‘北京西', ‘IZQ':
‘广州南', ‘CUW': ‘重庆北', ‘CQW': ‘重庆', ‘CRW': ‘重庆南', ‘CXW': ‘重庆西', ‘GGQ': ‘广州东',
‘SHH': ‘上海', ‘SNH': ‘上海南', ‘AOH': ‘上海虹桥', ‘SXH': ‘上海西', ‘TBP': ‘天津北', ‘TJP':
‘天津', ‘TIP': ‘天津南', ‘TXP': ‘天津西', ‘XJA': ‘香港西九龙', ‘CCT': ‘长春', ‘CET': ‘长春南',
‘CRT': ‘长春西', ‘ICW': ‘成都东', ‘CNW': ‘成都南', ‘CDW': ‘成都', ‘CSQ': ‘长沙', ‘CWQ':
‘长沙南',}

接下来我们就动手开始程序的主要代码编写:

    def main():
      date     = input("请输入时间(如2019-01-22):\n")
      from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点:\n")]
      to_station  = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点:\n")]
      url     = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"
      headers = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"
      }
      url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"
      #print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的
      #request请求获取主页
      r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
      r.raise_for_status()  #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常
      r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
      showTicket(r.text)

用户输入时间、起始站点、目的站点,然后通过get来请求,然后我们对返回的网页信息进行解析。我们现将上面代码的r.text进行打印,看看我们请求之后,返回了什么样的信息,然后决定我们应该如何解析

运行结果

这样看着不方便,我们粘贴到记事本中,进行详细的分析:

请求返回的结果信息

可以与12306显示的信息进行对比,K829是车次,CDW与BJQ是出发地和目的地,10:10是出发时间,06:13是到达时间,44:21是历时时间,20190123为查询的日期,剩下的就是一系列票的各种信息。

下面就是对这些返回的信息进行解析,其实这也是python爬虫的关键,就是解析!!!

我们先把信息转化为json格式,可以看到都是用“|”隔开的,那么我们就用split函数分割出来,下面是主要功能代码:

    def showTicket(html):
      html = json.loads(html)
      table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"])
      for i in html['data']['result']:
        name = [
              "station_train_code",
              "from_station_name",
              "to_station_name",
              "start_time",
              "arrive_time",
              "lishi",
              "swz_num",
              "zy_num",
              "ze_num",
              "dw_num",
              "gr_num",
              "rw_num",
              "yw_num",
              "rz_num",
              "yz_num",
              "wz_num",
              "qt_num",
              "note_num"
            ]
        data = {
              "station_train_code": '',
              "from_station_name": '',
              "to_station_name": '',
              "start_time": '',
              "arrive_time": '',
              "lishi": '',
              "swz_num": '',
              "zy_num": '',
              "ze_num": '',
              "dw_num": '',
              "gr_num": '',
              "rw_num": '',
              "yw_num": '',
              "rz_num": '',
              "yz_num": '',
              "wz_num": '',
              "qt_num": '',
              "note_num": ''
            }
        #将各项信息提取并赋值
        item = i.split('|')                 #使用“|”进行分割
        data["station_train_code"] = item[3]        #获取车次信息,在3号位置
        data["from_station_name"]  = item[6]        #始发站信息在6号位置
        data["to_station_name"]   = item[7]        #终点站信息在7号位置
        data["start_time"]     = item[8]        #出发时间在8号位置
        data["arrive_time"]     = item[9]        #抵达时间在9号位置
        data["lishi"]        = item[10]       #经历时间在10号位置
        data["swz_num"]       = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置
        data["zy_num"]       = item[31]       #一等座信息在31号位置
        data["ze_num"]       = item[30]       #二等座信息在30号位置
        data["gr_num"]       = item[21]       #高级软卧信息在21号位置
        data["rw_num"]       = item[23]       #软卧信息在23号位置
        data["dw_num"]       = item[27]       #动卧信息在27号位置
        data["yw_num"]       = item[28]       #硬卧信息在28号位置
        data["rz_num"]       = item[24]       #软座信息在24号位置
        data["yz_num"]       = item[29]       #硬座信息在29号位置
        data["wz_num"]       = item[26]       #无座信息在26号位置
        data["qt_num"]       = item[22]       #其他信息在22号位置
        data["note_num"]      = item[1]        #备注信息在1号位置
        color = Colored()
        data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])
        #如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替
        for pos in name:
          if data[pos] == "":
            data[pos] = "-"
        tickets = []
        cont = []
        cont.append(data)
        for x in cont:
          tmp = []
          for y in name:
            if y == "from_station_name":
              s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "to_station_name":
              s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "start_time":
              s = color.green(data["start_time"])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "arrive_time":
              s = color.red(data["arrive_time"])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "station_train_code":
              s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])
              tmp.append(s)
            else:
              tmp.append(data[y])
          tickets.append(tmp)
        for ticket in tickets:
          table.add_row(ticket)
      print(table)

那么我们程序就成功啦!!!

运行结果

但是在编译器里面Prettytable的格子没有对齐,不要担心,我们到终端运行一下脚本,就可以看到很好看的输出啦:

终端运行结果

完成!!!下面是完整代码

main.py

    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import re,requests,datetime,time,json
    from prettytable import PrettyTable
    from colorama import init,Fore
    from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names
    init(autoreset=False)
    class Colored(object):
      def yeah(self,s):
        return Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX + s + Fore.RESET
      def green(self,s):
        return Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX + s + Fore.RESET
      def yellow(self,s):
        return Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX + s + Fore.RESET
      def white(self,s):
        return Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX + s + Fore.RESET
      def blue(self,s):
        return Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX + s + Fore.RESET
    def showTicket(html):
      html = json.loads(html)
      table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"])
      for i in html['data']['result']:
        name = [
              "station_train_code",
              "from_station_name",
              "to_station_name",
              "start_time",
              "arrive_time",
              "lishi",
              "swz_num",
              "zy_num",
              "ze_num",
              "dw_num",
              "gr_num",
              "rw_num",
              "yw_num",
              "rz_num",
              "yz_num",
              "wz_num",
              "qt_num",
              "note_num"
            ]
        data = {
              "station_train_code": '',
              "from_station_name": '',
              "to_station_name": '',
              "start_time": '',
              "arrive_time": '',
              "lishi": '',
              "swz_num": '',
              "zy_num": '',
              "ze_num": '',
              "dw_num": '',
              "gr_num": '',
              "rw_num": '',
              "yw_num": '',
              "rz_num": '',
              "yz_num": '',
              "wz_num": '',
              "qt_num": '',
              "note_num": ''
            }
        #将各项信息提取并赋值
        item = i.split('|')                 #使用“|”进行分割
        data["station_train_code"] = item[3]        #获取车次信息,在3号位置
        data["from_station_name"]  = item[6]        #始发站信息在6号位置
        data["to_station_name"]   = item[7]        #终点站信息在7号位置
        data["start_time"]     = item[8]        #出发时间在8号位置
        data["arrive_time"]     = item[9]        #抵达时间在9号位置
        data["lishi"]        = item[10]       #经历时间在10号位置
        data["swz_num"]       = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置
        data["zy_num"]       = item[31]       #一等座信息在31号位置
        data["ze_num"]       = item[30]       #二等座信息在30号位置
        data["gr_num"]       = item[21]       #高级软卧信息在21号位置
        data["rw_num"]       = item[23]       #软卧信息在23号位置
        data["dw_num"]       = item[27]       #动卧信息在27号位置
        data["yw_num"]       = item[28]       #硬卧信息在28号位置
        data["rz_num"]       = item[24]       #软座信息在24号位置
        data["yz_num"]       = item[29]       #硬座信息在29号位置
        data["wz_num"]       = item[26]       #无座信息在26号位置
        data["qt_num"]       = item[22]       #其他信息在22号位置
        data["note_num"]      = item[1]        #备注信息在1号位置
        color = Colored()
        data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])
        #如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替
        for pos in name:
          if data[pos] == "":
            data[pos] = "-"
        tickets = []
        cont = []
        cont.append(data)
        for x in cont:
          tmp = []
          for y in name:
            if y == "from_station_name":
              s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "to_station_name":
              s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "start_time":
              s = color.green(data["start_time"])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "arrive_time":
              s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"])
              tmp.append(s)
            elif y == "station_train_code":
              s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])
              tmp.append(s)
            else:
              tmp.append(data[y])
          tickets.append(tmp)
        for ticket in tickets:
          table.add_row(ticket)
      print(table)
    def main():
      date     = input("请输入时间:\n")
      from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点:\n")]
      to_station  = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点:\n")]
      url     = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"
      headers = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"
      }
    url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"
      #print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的
      #request请求获取主页
      r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
      r.raise_for_status()  #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常
      r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
      showTicket(r.text)
      #print(r.text)
    main()

stationinfo.py

    import re,requests
    url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
    response = requests.get(url,verify=False)
    #将车站的名字和编码进行提取
    chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)
    chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)
    chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
    #print(chezhan_names)

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