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2021
07-09

详解Angular依赖注入

概述

依赖注入:设计模式

依赖:程序里需要的某种类型的对象。

依赖注入框架:工程化的框架

注入器Injector:用它的API创建依赖的实例

Provider:怎样创建?(构造函数,工程函数)

Object:组件,模块需要的依赖

依赖性注入进阶=>Angular中依赖注入框架提供父子层次注入型依赖

一、依赖注入

class Id {
  static getInstance(type: string): Id {
    return new Id();
  }
}

class Address {
  constructor(provice, city, district, street) {}
}

class Person {
  id: Id;
  address: Address;
  constructor() {
    this.id = Id.getInstance("idcard");
    this.address = new Address("北京", "背景", "朝阳区", "xx街道");
  }
}

问题:Person需要清楚的知道Address和Id的实现细节。

ID和Address重构后,Person需要知道怎么重构。

项目规模扩大后,集成容易出问题。

class Id {
  static getInstance(type: string): Id {
    return new Id();
  }
}

class Address {
  constructor(provice, city, district, street) {}
}

class Person {
  id: Id;
  address: Address;
  constructor(id: Id, address: Address) {
    this.id = id;
    this.address = address;
  }
}

main(){
  //把构造依赖对象,推到上一级,推调用的地方
  const id = Id.getInstance("idcard");
  const address = new Address("北京", "背景", "朝阳区", "xx街道");
  const person = new Person(id , address);
}

Person已经不知道Id和Address的细节了。

这是最简单的依赖注入。

问题是在main里还是需要知道细节。

思路:一级一级往上推,一直推到入口函数,入口函数来处理所有对象的构造。构造出来后提供给所有依赖的子模块的子类。

问题:入口函数很难维护。所以需要一个依赖注入框架帮助完成。

二、Angular的依赖注入框架

从v5开始,因为速度慢,引入大量代码已弃用,改为Injector.create。

ReflectiveInjector :用于实例化对象和解析依赖关系。import { Component ,ReflectiveInjector } from "@angular/core";resolveAndCreate接收一个provider数组,provider告诉injector应该怎样去构造这个对象。

constructor() {
    //接收一个provider数组
    const injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([
      {
        provide: Person, useClass:Person
      },
      {
        provide: Address, useFactory: ()=>{
          if(environment.production){
            return new Address("北京", "背景", "朝阳区", "xx街道xx号");
          }else{
            return new Address("西藏", "拉萨", "xx区", "xx街道xx号");
          }
        }
      },
      {
        provide: Id, useFactory:()=>{
          return Id.getInstance('idcard');
        }
      }
    ]);
  }

Injector:

injector相当于main函数,可以拿到所有依赖池子里的东西。

import { Component ,ReflectiveInjector, Inject} from "@angular/core";
import { OverlayContainer } from "@angular/cdk/overlay";
import { Identifiers } from "@angular/compiler";
import { stagger } from "@angular/animations";
import { environment } from 'src/environments/environment';

@Component({
  selector: "app-root",
  templateUrl: "./app.component.html",
  styleUrls: ["./app.component.scss"]
})
export class AppComponent {

  constructor(private oc: OverlayContainer) {
    //接收一个provider数组
    const injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([
      {
        provide: Person, useClass:Person
      },
      {
        provide: Address, useFactory: ()=>{
          if(environment.production){
            return new Address("北京", "背景", "朝阳区", "xx街道xx号");
          }else{
            return new Address("西藏", "拉萨", "xx区", "xx街道xx号");
          }
        }
      },
      {
        provide: Id, useFactory:()=>{
          return Id.getInstance('idcard');
        }
      }
    ]);
    const person = injector.get(Person);
    console.log(JSON.stringify(person));
  }

}

class Id {
  static getInstance(type: string): Id {
    return new Id();
  }
}

class Address {
  provice:string;
  city:string;
  district:string;
  street:string;
  constructor(provice, city, district, street) {
    this.provice=provice;
    this.city=city;
    this.district=district;
    this.street=street;
  }
}

class Person {
  id: Id;
  address: Address;
  constructor(@Inject(Id) id, @Inject(Address )address) {
    this.id = id;
    this.address = address;
  }
}

可以看到控制台打印出person信息。

简写:

 // {
      //   provide: Person, useClass:Person
      // },
      Person, //简写为Person

在Angular框架中,框架做了很多事,在provider数组中注册的东西会自动注册到池子中。

@NgModule({
  imports: [HttpClientModule, SharedModule, AppRoutingModule, BrowserAnimationsModule],
  declarations: [components],
  exports: [components, AppRoutingModule, BrowserAnimationsModule],
  providers:[
    {provide:'BASE_CONFIG',useValue:'http://localhost:3000'}
  ]
})
  constructor( @Inject('BASE_CONFIG') config) {
    console.log(config);  //控制台打印出http://localhost:3000
  }

Angular默认都是单例,如果想要每次注入都是一个新的实例。有两种方法。

一,return的时候return一个方法而不是对象。

{
    provide: Address, useFactory: ()=>{
        return ()=>{
            if(environment.production){
                return new Address("北京", "背景", "朝阳区", "xx街道xx号");
            }else{
                return new Address("西藏", "拉萨", "xx区", "xx街道xx号");
            }
        }
    }
},

二、利用父子Injector。

constructor(private oc: OverlayContainer) {
    //接收一个provider数组
    const injector = ReflectiveInjector.resolveAndCreate([
      Person,
      {
        provide: Address, useFactory: ()=>{
          if(environment.production){
            return new Address("北京", "背景", "朝阳区", "xx街道xx号");
          }else{
            return new Address("西藏", "拉萨", "xx区", "xx街道xx号");
          }
        }
      },
      {
        provide: Id, useFactory:()=>{
          return Id.getInstance('idcard');
        }
      }
    ]);

    const childInjector = injector.resolveAndCreateChild([Person]);

    const person = injector.get(Person);
    console.log(JSON.stringify(person));
    const personFromChild = childInjector.get(Person);
    console.log(person===personFromChild);  //false
  }

子注入器当中没有找到依赖的时候会去父注入器中找

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